a strategy in which a concept is expressed by a phonologically distinctive word, in which there is argued to be some sort of sound-symbolic relationship between the phonological form and its meaning. A common function for which ideophones are used is as the stative component of a stative complex predicate; they are probably next most commonly used as property predications or as property modifiers in referring phrases. Example: in Emai ó o hian oí dúdúdú He cuts it [wood] energetically, dúdúdú energetically is an ideophone that describes the manner of cutting using a reduplicated form; reduplication is a common characteristic of ideophones. (Section 14.4)