a strategy of the passive--inverse voice construction in which the P participant is encoded by a form that is not found for either the A participant or the P participant in the basic voice construction. Example: in Upriver Halkomelem tə́s-l-əm θúƛ'à tə swíyəqə She was bumped into by the man, the P participant (the woman referred to by she) is indexed by the suffix -əm, which is distinct from the expression of A or P participants in the basic voice construction. (Section 8.3)